Terpenes are the medicinal molecules found in cannabis that, beginning in the 1960s, were discovered to provide significant health benefits for a diverse variety of diseases and conditions. The efficacy of these chemicals is especially significant for ailments based on inflammation, pain, or related to cancerous tumors. Of the 200 terpenes that have been identified in the cannabis herb, beta-caryophyllene (BCP; sometimes denoted as β-caryophyllene) stands alone in its uniqueness: It can be categorized as both a terpene and a cannabinoid.
Cannabinoids are health-giving molecules that are similar to terpenes in their efficacy and that include cannabidiol (CBD) and its infamous euphoric chemical cousin, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Based on the fact that beta-caryophyllene has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive and because it is not exclusive to cannabis, it is fully legal (even at the federal level in the United States) — dramatically differentiating this molecule from its psychoactive sibling, THC.
The legality of beta-caryophyllene makes it a viable resource for cannabis companies, food manufacturers, pharmaceutical corporations and herbal remedy companies. BCP offers such companies the opportunity to utilize this powerfully efficacious molecule as a tool against a litany of ailments, including cancer, depression, pain, gastrointestinal conditions (including Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and ulcers) and even osteoporosis.
BCP delivers a spicy, peppery aroma and is also produced by basil, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, hops, oregano and rosemary. It is employed by the fragrance industry. Beta-caryophyllene is found most abundantly in the cannabis strains Death Star, Sour Bubble and Sour Diesel.
The Details of Beta-caryophyllene
Discovered in 1964 by Israeli researcher Raphael Mechoulam, it wasn’t until 2008 that German scientists observed the cannabinoid-like characteristics of beta-caryophyllene. It has been found, through research and anecdotal evidence, to deliver a wider spectrum of efficacies than many other terpenes and cannabinoids.
In terms of its medical efficacy, BCP acts as an analgesic and is effective in combating systemic inflammation, depression, anxiety, cancer and has even been shown to help with recovery from addiction to alcohol. It can also help induce sleep for those who suffer insomnia and is an antimicrobial and antifungal.
BCP has been found to selectively activate the CB2 receptors of the mammalian endocannabinoid system (ECS), which boosts the internally produced endocannabinoid anandamide. This is significant because it illustrates the sometimes indirect channels of efficacy demonstrated by many of the terpenes and cannabinoids in the cannabis herb. In this case, anandamide has been shown to play a critical role in managing pain, depression and anxiety.
The Research on Beta-caryophyllene
Several studies have demonstrated the medicinal efficacy of BCP for a variety of diseases and conditions, most commonly citing this terpene’s ability to fight systemic inflammation, kill cancer cells and aid in the recovery of substance addiction.
A 2018 study entitled “β-caryophyllene Protects Against Alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Attenuating Inflammation” that was published in the British Journal of Pharmacology concluded, “Given the safety of BCP in humans, this food additive has a high translational potential in treating or preventing hepatic injury associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and steatosis.”
A 2014 study published by the journal Physiology and Behaviour, discusses the role of CB2 receptors in anxiety and depression disorders, highlighting the potential of BCP as a treatment for anxiety and depression.
A 2014 study published in the journal Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior and entitled “The Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist, β-caryophyllene, Reduced Voluntary Alcohol Intake” revealed that many cannabinoids bind to CB2 receptors in the body’s ECS and may help treat alcoholism. Researchers injected BCP into animal models and discovered that its activation of CB2 receptors within the ECS resulted in “decreased alcohol consumption and preference.”