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The Complex Relationship Between Cannabis and Mental Health

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cannabis and mental health
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The month of May is coming to a close, and with the end of Mental Health Awareness month comes one of the most difficult topics of discussion among the cannabis industry: Does cannabis improve mental health, or make it worse? Many dedicated consumers and patients would be quick to tell you that the plant has had a profoundly positive influence on their lives. And yet, emerging science on the topic has revealed that cannabis and mental health have a much more complicated relationship than ever predicted.

What is Mental Health?

Before diving into the ways in which cannabis affects mental health, it’s useful to paint a picture of what mental health actually means. For most, mental health means being free from depression, free from psychiatric illness, and perhaps even blissfully happy. Unfortunately, while more people are aware of mental and emotional health than ever before, the concept is still far too often boiled down to either a means of coping with severe mental disorders or as a reinforcement of the idea that you should strive to be happy all of the time.

Both of these popular beliefs are a myth — most people must learn how to develop mental health skills at some point in their lives, and, although it is difficult to admit, being happy all of the time is a scientific anomaly. Contented and peaceful, sure, but moments of blissfulness and pure happiness wax and wane for just about everyone. Of course, this is not to discount the lives or experiences of the many who struggle with severe mental health concerns, such as post-traumatic stress, severe depression, and other psychiatric ailments.

For Marsha Linehan, the founder of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and a world-renowned psychologist, mental health can be broken down into four primary components: mindfulness skills, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance. While the names may seem like a mouthful, Linehan believes that each building block is essential for being able to both tolerate and relate to the world in a healthy way.

First, mindfulness is the ability to observe what is happening in the present moment without judgment. Secondly, interpersonal effectiveness relates to your ability to ask respectfully for what you want while setting clear boundaries and saying no what you don’t want. Emotional regulation refers to the ability to feel your emotions without clinging to them or letting them get the better of you. Finally, distress tolerance is the ability to tolerate daily stresses and bounce back from stressful situations.

For Linehan, mental health means practising and maintaining fitness in all four of these skills. Even those with a diagnosed psychiatric disease can still practice these skills to improve their mental health. The therapy was initially designed for those with Borderline Personality Disorder, but the concepts have taken root in the world of psychology and are often readily applied to individuals experiencing all sorts of mental health concerns — from addiction to depression to schizophrenia to struggling with an unexpected life transition.

The Complex Relationship Between Cannabis and Mental Health

So, why bring up Linehan? The definitions of mental health are perhaps as vast as the types of therapies available. As such, there are numerous ways to approach the broad topic of mental health. Most psychiatrists offer a mixture of skill-building and medications in order to treat their patients. Is cannabis a worthwhile therapy for mental health? Well, if early research is any indication, it appears that it would depend on how you use it.

Cannabis for Mental Health: The Pros

For many, cannabis is a go-to remedy for mental health concerns. Whether that means popping a CBD capsule to get through a stressful day or if that means developing a treatment plan to keep symptoms of traumatic stress at bay, cannabis is oft touted as an effective way to improve your state of mind. Cannabis has a long-held reputation as a mood-lifter, inspiring laughing fits, improving sleep, and promoting all-around feelings of well-being.

In patients with serious diseases like cancer, the plant has been proven to reduce pain and improve quality of life, factors which have a profound influence on mental health. There is some early evidence that specific cannabis compounds may be helpful for reducing psychosis related to advanced diseases like Parkinson’s Disease.

Similarly, early experiments suggest that isolated cannabis extracts may reduce agitation associated with dementia. In early clinical trials, CBD treatment has even improved the lives of patients living with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In the area of post-traumatic stress, cannabis compounds are being studied as uniquely viable treatments for the condition. Amazingly, research suggests that chemicals in the cannabis plant may be able to address possible neurotransmitter deficiencies in PTSD patients.

Further research still explores the ability of low to moderate doses of cannabis medicines to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, perhaps offering patients an alternative to medicines like benzodiazepines, which come with a greater addiction potential and a host of severe side effects. Cannabis, in contrast, has been dubbed as well-tolerated with limited side effects in most of the mental health trials conducted so far.

The Risks of Cannabis For Mental Health

But, is cannabis a cure or a crutch? While a body of positive research on cannabis as a mental health aid exists, the plant cannot simply be lumped into a category as either good or bad. Instead, research seems to indicate that cannabis may be beneficial in some circumstances, but it may also worsen overall mental health in others. In high doses, for example, the primary psychoactive component in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), may increase anxiety and cause panic attacks.

Further, professionals also have concerns about the chronic consumption of high-potency cannabis. Several epidemiological studies have suggested that long-term cannabis consumption, especially of the high potency variety, is correlated with increased rates of depression, anxiety, and poor mental health. While correlation does not always indicate causation, researchers have found that the younger you are when you pick up a regular cannabis habit, the more likely you are to experience negative mental health outcomes.

And then, of course, is the argument that cannabis can cause psychosis in some people. This is not exactly the same Reefer Madness argument that has dominated since the late 1930s. Instead, modern genetic research suggests that cannabis consumption may contribute to psychiatric illness in those with a genetic predisposition, especially in those that heavily consume the plant. In teens and adolescents, regular cannabis consumption was correlated to an earlier onset of psychotic symptoms in those with a predisposition to this type of mental health trouble.

Finally, both cannabidiol (CBD) and medical cannabis consumption show potential in treating some forms of addiction, including alcohol, nicotine, and opioid addiction. Regular cannabis consumers, however, can also develop a dependency on the herb. For some, this dependency can cause symptoms of withdrawal after stopping the herb. For this reason, many health professionals are reluctant to offer cannabis as a mental health treatment.

Everything in Moderation

What Linehan describes in her Dialectical Model of Behavioral Therapy are a series of skills that an individual must learn in order to developmental and emotional resilience. While progressive mental health and medical professionals see cannabis medicines as tools that better enable patients to focus on these skills, the plant itself is not a cure-all for mental health problems. In fact, in some cases, overreliance on the herb may lead to greater problems, such as dependence on the plant in order to cope with stressful situations.

And yet, it is almost impossible to evaluate the subjective benefits of the herb. When consumed in moderation, the cannabis plant has a knack for providing sudden shifts in perspective and for opening mental doors that once seemed impossible. After a stressful day, a little cannabis may feel like a nudge in the right direction — a glimpse into another way of thinking that was suffocated by a sour mood. A time-out from a stagnate way of thinking can be an invaluable source of healing and self-compassion.

Scientists and medical professionals have yet to decide whether or not chronic and continuous cannabis consumption is an effective treatment for mental health issues. When consumed in moderation, with mindfulness, and with proper support, however, it’s difficult to deny that the plant holds real value and has the ability to affect lives in a positive way.

Ultimately, it’s up to the patient and their trusted medical professional to decide when the plant is helpful and when it has become an unhealthy diversion.

If you or someone you know needs help with mental health issues, please reach out to Mental Health America or your local helpline.

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Speakeasy Plans a November 5 Medical Cannabis Opening in Maysville

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Brick coffee shop exterior with a striped awning

Speakeasy Dispensary plans to open its Maysville medical cannabis store at 11 a.m. Eastern on Thursday, November 5, at 317 W. Second Street. The opening gives eligible patients in Mason County another place to plan a dispensary visit. For residents who are still applying for a Kentucky medical cannabis card, the company has also listed a patient drive at the same address.

The company announced the opening November 3. The Mason County Post previously reported that the storefront was coming to downtown Maysville near Caproni’s on the River. Patients traveling specifically for the launch should check with the store before leaving, especially if they need to arrange a ride or coordinate with a caregiver.

Two reasons to visit the same address

Speakeasy’s event calendar lists the Maysville patient drive from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. on November 5. Those hours describe the event. Anyone planning to shop later in the week should check the store’s regular hours separately. If the purpose of the trip is to learn how to apply, check the event listing for registration details and ask the organizer what paperwork to bring.

The distinction matters because a patient drive and a dispensary purchase happen at different points in the process. Kentucky’s patient and caregiver FAQ directs prospective Kentucky patients to an authorized practitioner for written certification and to the state for the registry identification card application. A prospective patient can use the drive to ask about those steps. Someone who already has an active card can focus on store hours, what identification the retailer requests and whether the relevant product is available.

For households coordinating care, the state has a separate designated caregiver process. The patient must designate the caregiver through the registry application process, and the caregiver must also apply and receive approval. Kentucky says a designated caregiver may buy medical cannabis for the registered patients they have been approved to assist. That makes it useful to confirm whose registry credentials are current before deciding who will make the trip.

What a closer storefront changes

A local dispensary can make a recurring errand easier to coordinate. The practical gain is especially clear if a patient has to work around someone else’s availability or combine the visit with other stops. But the address alone tells readers little about the time a particular visit will take, the cost of a purchase or the menu on opening day. The announcement establishes the location and planned opening, so call the retailer for those other details before treating a trip as settled.

The distinction between a license and an operating storefront came up in our October coverage of Kentucky’s dispensary rollout. That statewide story used the state directory to distinguish retail locations patients could visit from businesses still working toward operation. Maysville gives readers a specific address and opening date to follow. A new statewide count would require checking the current directory, including changes elsewhere in the state since that earlier report.

Check the rules before crossing the river

Maysville’s location on the Ohio River adds another question for readers coming from outside Kentucky. The state describes a visiting qualified patient pathway with eligibility conditions, including a valid out-of-state registry card and documentation of a qualifying diagnosis. Check the Kentucky program’s current patient guidance and ask the store what documentation it needs before traveling. Permission to purchase in Kentucky and the rules that apply when traveling with cannabis are separate questions. A dispensary visit should not be treated as permission to take a purchase across a state line.

Check product rules as well as purchase eligibility. Kentucky lists forms such as oils, edibles and raw plant material among products its medical program allows, subject to program rules. The state prohibits smoking the raw plant material. Seeing flower on a menu therefore does not tell a patient how it may be used. For a first visit, the most useful questions are concrete: whether the store is open, whether the patient or caregiver has the required documents, and whether the intended product is available. For someone just getting started, the patient drive offers a separate opportunity to ask how to enter the program.

For patients comparing locations, Kentucky’s program resources are a useful place to start before checking an individual store. Keep the clinic visit, application and dispensary trip separate when planning time and transportation. A person attending the drive for information may have no reason to arrange a second trip until they know what the state requires and where they are in the application process.

Illustrative storefront photo of a coffee shop in Austin, Texas. Photo: Raphael Loquellano / Pexels.

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Cannabis Shoppers Expect Tax Savings to Reach the Shelf. Will They?

A NuggMD survey reported this week finds that 74 percent expect cannabis companies to pass on tax savings. The result measures consumer expectations, not an observed price cut.

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A hand using a pink calculator beside receipts and paperwork.

Cannabis consumers are looking for a share of the savings if federal tax relief improves operators’ finances. A NuggMD poll reported November 3 found that 74 percent of respondents expect companies to pass along savings through lower prices if rescheduling brings tax relief. The result captures a clear consumer expectation. It does not establish that prices have fallen or that every cannabis business receives the same relief.

Marijuana Moment’s Tom Angell reported the findings from 654 consumers in state-legal markets surveyed October 8–15. The reported margin of error was approximately 3.83 percentage points. Twenty-six percent expected companies to retain the savings while keeping prices at their current level.

What the survey can tell us

The question was conditional: it asked what consumers expected if companies received rescheduling-related tax relief. That wording is important. Respondents were not reporting a verified reduction in a particular operator’s tax bill, and they were not comparing receipts before and after a change in federal policy.

The sample also consisted of cannabis consumers in legal markets, rather than all American adults. Its findings should be described within that population. The publicly reported summary provides useful dates, sample size and question wording, but does not establish that every state, product category or type of consumer shares the same view.

For operators, the finding is a communication challenge as much as a pricing question. Customers may hear a headline about lower taxes and reasonably ask what it changes for them. A clear answer needs to separate the business’s actual eligibility, the timing of any benefit and the decisions it makes about retail prices.

Why Section 280E matters

Section 280E is the federal tax provision at the center of the discussion. In its April 23 announcement, Treasury and the IRS explained that the provision generally denies deductions and credits for businesses trafficking in Schedule I or II controlled substances in violation of federal or state law.

The agencies said the medical-marijuana rescheduling order generally removes that barrier for activities that, because of the order, no longer involve Schedule I or II substances. They also described planned guidance for businesses conducting multiple activities, including how expenses might be apportioned. That is a more qualified proposition than saying the tax restriction has disappeared for every cannabis sale.

Treasury’s statement anticipated a transition rule related to the taxable year containing the order’s effective date. The announcement describes expected guidance; it should not be treated as a substitute for checking the rules and advice applicable to a particular business. This article is about the consumer implications of the policy debate, rather than instructions for preparing a return.

Tax treatment is not a shelf-price rule

The IRS’s cannabis industry guidance continues to distinguish tax responsibilities from the legality of the underlying activity. Income remains reportable, and businesses must keep records and meet applicable payment and information-reporting requirements. Relief from a specific restriction does not remove the rest of the tax system.

There is also a basic distinction between lowering taxable income through a deduction and reducing a product’s price by the same dollar amount. A deduction affects how a business calculates its tax obligation. A retail price is what that business charges for a particular product. The two can be connected through business decisions without being mechanically identical.

The relevant question for a consumer is therefore more specific than whether a store sells cannabis. It is which activities qualify for the changed treatment, when that treatment applies and how the operator explains any resulting benefit.

That leaves several possibilities for any operator benefiting from relief: lower prices, investment in the business, improved financial resilience or some combination. The poll does not identify what companies will choose, and it would be premature to promise customers a uniform discount. Equally, an operator should not present a possible tax improvement as evidence that its shoppers have already benefited.

What consumers can actually compare

The clearest evidence for a customer is the price of a comparable purchase over time. Comparing the same product size and formulation, and distinguishing the base price from taxes or a temporary promotion, is more informative than treating a general rescheduling headline as a receipt.

Our coverage of medical cannabis registrations explains another part of the changing federal framework. Registration, tax treatment and retail pricing are related developments, but each requires its own evidence.

The survey’s immediate message is therefore straightforward: many cannabis shoppers expect a benefit they can see. Whether that expectation is met will be demonstrated by actual pricing and company disclosures, rather than by a poll result or a promised future guidance document alone.

Illustrative stock budgeting photograph; not a cannabis customer or company account. Photo: Kaboompics / Pexels.

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Houston’s Cannabis Enforcement Vote Now Turns to Implementation

Houston’s approved charter change focuses on police priorities, diversion and public accounting. It does not create a legal cannabis market or guarantee that possession cannot lead to enforcement.

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Houston voters have approved a charter amendment directing city police to give Class A and Class B misdemeanor marijuana possession their lowest enforcement priority. The cannabis provision sits alongside a ban on no-knock warrants in Proposition A, also called the Houston Freedom Act. The next part of the story is how the city translates those instructions into budgets, police policies, training and public reports.

Tom Angell’s election-night report for Marijuana Moment described the measure as approved, with an early count showing roughly 72 percent support. That was a preliminary result, rather than a certified final percentage. The policy’s meaning is best assessed against the charter language published by the city.

Lower priority has a defined scope

The text directs the Houston Police Department to make the specified misdemeanor possession offenses its lowest possible enforcement priority unless a binding state or federal court action requires otherwise. It calls for corresponding changes to the annual budget, department manual and relevant procedures. That links the policy to how the city allocates work and resources, not just to a statement of preference.

The charter language also preserves limits that matter to residents. An officer who has probable cause to believe a substance is marijuana may seize it and must explain the grounds in a report. The diversion section preserves law-enforcement and prosecutorial discretion to enforce state law. A lower-priority directive therefore should not be described as a guarantee against a police encounter, seizure or prosecution.

Nor does a city enforcement measure establish a state-licensed adult-use market. It does not create retail licenses or set up a new system for purchasing cannabis. Those are different legal questions from how municipal personnel prioritize a category of existing offenses. The practical distinction is essential for anyone reading the outcome as permission to possess or sell marijuana.

Diversion is part of the design

The measure supports diversion where legally permissible for people accused of the covered offenses. Examples in the text include mental-health or substance-use treatment referrals, community service and other alternatives to arrest or prosecution consistent with the cited Texas criminal-procedure provision.

That language describes a policy direction with legal qualifications. It does not promise that every individual will receive the same referral or qualify for the same alternative. Implementation will need to show what options are actually available and how decisions are made. An announcement that a measure passed cannot answer those case-specific questions.

The campaign organization Ground Game Texas promoted the Houston Freedom Act as an effort to redirect police resources and change marijuana enforcement. Its support explains the initiative’s advocacy context. The adopted language, subsequent city policies and actual enforcement records will be more useful for assessing results than campaign expectations alone.

The accounting provisions deserve attention

The city’s published text requires a one-time review of misdemeanor marijuana enforcement during the preceding five years. The audit is to include arrests, citations and demographic information, alongside estimates of staff hours, per-charge costs and spending on THC testing and enforcement. It is intended to be presented at a public council meeting and made available online.

The annual reporting requirement adds another way to follow implementation. The text calls for information including arrests, citations, diversion referrals, demographic breakdowns and estimated staff hours. This creates a framework for asking whether the new priority is reflected in practice. A report’s existence would not establish success on its own; the contents and their consistency over time will matter.

The THC-testing provisions similarly seek visibility into spending and staff time. That is a different question from whether testing can ever occur. The charter text contemplates council funding for testing when a compelling public-safety purpose is identified. Readers should avoid turning a budget-transparency provision into a claim that the city has prohibited every test.

What to watch after the vote

The no-knock provision is a separate substantive part of the same amendment. It bars Houston officers from requesting or executing warrants that do not require announcement and a wait of at least 15 seconds before entry. Its inclusion helps explain why Proposition A cannot be reduced to a cannabis-only retail or possession proposal.

For cannabis readers, the useful next milestones are official election certification, implementation instructions and the required public accounting. Those will show how the city applies a lower-priority policy while operating within the legal limits stated in the measure.

Our Idaho ballot coverage concerned who could change cannabis law. Houston’s vote concerns municipal enforcement priorities. Both involve voter participation, but their effects should be judged on the specific language voters approved rather than treated as interchangeable forms of legalization.

Illustrative stock view of Houston; not election-night photography. Photo: Eddie O. / Pexels.

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