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A Frank Conversation with Mowgli Holmes, CEO of Phylos Bioscience

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Phylos Bioscience
PHOTO | Supplied
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Earlier this year, Phylos Bioscience announced its plan to launch an in-house breeding program. The news prompted outrage within the community, sparking conversations about intellectual property and genetics research across the cannabis industry.

Many cultivators felt betrayed by the idea that the Portland-based cannabis science company would use data they submitted to the Phylos Galaxy — a comprehensive database that documents the cannabis genome — to steal vital cultivar information and use it against them.

Phylos released a statement assuring growers not to worry, that their fears were unfounded. They insisted they weren’t going to use their submitted data to create super strains to put craft cannabis growers out of business. None of that data can be used for breeding, and the breeding work they do will be primarily for large-scale biomass producers. The varieties they do develop for the craft flower market will be released under open-source licenses and should help to keep craft growers in business.

Now, a couple of months have passed. For the most part, Phylos has kept out of the media spotlight. Cannabis Aficionado spoke to CEO Mowgli Holmes to learn more about their approach to large-scale agriculture, plant patents and IP rights, and the future of cannabis.

Growers submitted their genomic data to you with the understanding that it would not be used to enhance any breeding programs. How did you not foresee this backlash from the industry following the announcement of your breeding program?

We didn’t foresee this reaction because this data isn’t useful for plant breeding. It’s just genetic sequence data, with no information on the plants themselves. The purpose of the galaxy has always been to empower everyone to learn from their plant’s data by comparing it to everything else. We made the galaxy and the raw data publicly available so that everyone could have full access to it.

I don’t think this question has really been about the data. It’s about having a company in the cannabis industry that is working with people from big ag. The science we’re using comes from those companies, and we’re hiring scientists who understand it. We’re also a company that is focused on environmental and social impact, and on moving agriculture toward sustainable practices. Cannabis growers don’t trust big ag and they don’t see how we could be working with people from those companies and still have these progressive goals. But we do.

You claim that your new breeding program will focus on large-scale agriculture. Why then do you think there is such a negative response to your breeding announcement from cannabis growers and craft cultivators?

Phylos concentrates on the global market because that’s where the plant needs the most work. I think that a lot of small growers assume that large-scale ag means lousy cannabis, so they don’t respect it. But it matters how the large growers operate. Phylos believes large-scale cannabis and hemp agriculture can actually operate sustainably and we’re committed to doing our part to move it in that direction. We also want to see the craft flower market thrive. We won’t be doing a lot of work there, but when we do it’s going to have a positive impact. The flower plants we release will be good for growers, and breeders will get to keep working with them.

Your presentation to investors at Benzinga seemed to confirm that you will use the submitted data to breed new strains. Why did you tell that to investors if it isn’t your intention? Why do you think your words were misconstrued?

That is not what I said to investors. But when I said that our testing business was a valuable data collection tool, I meant it. Having a high-throughput molecular genetics lab allowed us to generate lots of valuable data, but all of that work has been independent of the customer data we collected. As I said, the data we collected from customers cannot be used for breeding, period.

The data collected from customers was very limited and was made public via the Phylos Galaxy in order to prevent patent infringement and support greater transparency within the cannabis industry’s supply chain. It’s a tool for the industry, including our competitors, to use in understanding varieties and the evolution of cannabis. It’s not a tool that can help with breeding except in a very general way by letting people see relationships — and it’s available to everyone to use in that way.

Have you kept any of the genetic data so you could replicate any of the submitted material via plant tissue propagation?

No, we wouldn’t do that and it’s not possible. You can’t create a living plant from data and you can’t create a living plant from a dead tissue sample. We are not using any of our customer’s plants in our breeding program. The Galaxy is evidence that our customer’s plants belong to them.

We do have a large collection of living cannabis varieties, which we’ve acquired through fair and generous contracts with breeders, and we’re continuing to in-license new varieties.

Phylos scientists in the lab. PHOTO | Supplied

Was patenting genetics, or your plans to use the data to create your own breeding program, in any fine print that people may have missed?

We’ve never had any plans to use that data for breeding because we always knew it wouldn’t be robust enough to breed with. But we were very openly and publicly building a breeding program meant to support other people’s plant work with our scientific tools. We just weren’t originally intending to do the actual plant work ourselves.

The largest part of a modern plant breeding program is the data infrastructure and we were clear very early on that we were developing genetic markers for breeding. As we’ve said, the customer data had no information on the physical characteristics of the plants themselves and couldn’t be used for breeding. We believed that this simple scientific fact would keep people from making the mistake of thinking we were using it for breeding.

As far as patenting goes, our position has always been that plant patents are fine, as long as they’re responsibly narrow and don’t cover entire categories of plants. Overly broad patents are bad for innovation and bad for the cannabis industry.

The Open Cannabis Project (OCP) closed at the end of May in response to your announcement, citing “deception” as the one reason. What are your thoughts on this situation?

We helped start the OCP to create a transparent and open-source repository of cannabis data that could enlarge the public domain and help to preserve genetic diversity in cannabis. I resigned from the board in order to ensure there was no connection between OCP and Phylos, but the board was already planning to dissolve the organization in December 2018 based on difficulty fundraising.

The OCP knew we were doing breeding work, they knew the science we were using was from big ag and they knew we were going to be willing to apply for limited patents. The OCP themselves have always supported limited patents. They also know how strong my personal commitment is to doing things differently than they’re done in traditional agriculture.

Nothing illustrates the intense emotion around this issue better than this does. Despite knowing all of that, I think they were genuinely shocked to see that we’re working with and hiring people from big ag companies. Progressives see those companies as truly evil, and they don’t have a framework for understanding how good people could possibly be working with them.

Unfortunately, nobody on the OCP board contacted us before they issued their statement. The idea that you could have one foot in both worlds and still be committed to being an ethical company — that’s impossible for many people to accept. But that stance is a decision to leave all of this scientific power in the hands of people you don’t trust.

How can growers trust you when you say you are not using their genomics and data to advance your own breeding program?

Anyone who looks at the science comes to see that you can’t use this data for breeding new plants.

But we are seeing that trust doesn’t come from scientific facts alone. We’re a mission-driven company and eventually people will see the benefits of the work we’re doing. The dust will clear and we’ll be working away, and then people will see.

Why do you think people were so quick to jump to the conclusion that you are using your position and power to harm the very people that you have spent so many years trying to protect?

This is the part that’s hard for me. Phylos has always been clear in our mission to bring science to cannabis and new approaches to agriculture, to preserve genetic diversity, and to help small farmers. It’s pretty crazy to find out that people can overnight decide you don’t mean the things you say. But again, I think the assumption is that if we had good intentions we wouldn’t be hiring scientists and advisors from the major ag companies. We need these people because they understand the complexities of the large-scale agricultural system better than anyone and they are uniquely positioned to help us change it for the better. The team of scientists that have joined Phylos is building an agricultural model that is profitable and sustainable for farmers. We always meant it when we said we cared about the craft flower community. But we also care about agriculture as a whole.

What is your desired achievement with your breeding program?

I got a lot of shit for saying this, but I’m just going to say it again: Phylos is going to create outrageous new plants. They’re going to work better for farmers and for consumers and they’re going to be constantly evolving.

We also believe that it’s important for us and the industry to give both fair credit and fair compensation to the breeders who have created amazing plants already and those that continue to do so. We are already signing agreements to make sure those breeders get paid as they should, and we hope it becomes the standard way of acquiring plants in the industry.

Phylos has built its mission around preserving the genetic diversity we’ve inherited. At the same time, we’re going to drive forward into the future of what this plant can do, which really will be incredible. We need to do both of those things.

We’re combining advanced science with sustainability principles. We’re using traditional breeding driven by genomic knowledge. We’re studying methods that let farmers minimize inputs costs at the same time as they’re building healthier soil. We’re going to help farmers profit from sustainability — and we’re going to make sustainability work better because it’s driven by hard data.

Where does Phylos Bioscience go from here?

We have to accept that some people see big ag companies as the enemy and they don’t trust anyone who’s working with them. But we need to have companies who can use the science from big ag in ways that are driven by a sense of social responsibility. We need to have companies who can figure out how to support environmentally sustainable approaches as they use this science. We need to have companies that are a bridge between these two worlds.

Phylos has one foot in the cannabis world and one foot in the world of large-scale agriculture. The role of our company is to be a bridge between these two worlds that don’t trust each other. To make it work, we’re going to have to be really committed to maintaining our values and measuring our success based on them. We’re going to have to be a little bit like Switzerland and work with everyone.  We have to accept that we’re not going to make everyone happy, but we’re going to make damn sure the farms that work with us are successful.

To us, that means that they’re sustainably successful in ways that work long-term for them, and their workers, and the environment. For most of these larger farms the first step is simple: start growing hemp.

Culture

Four Museum Programs to Put on Your November 1 Calendar

From an ofrenda in Los Angeles to art-making on the Bowery, these November 1 museum programs offer a creative start to the month.

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Visitors viewing paintings in a gallery with turquoise and purple walls in São Paulo

The morning after Halloween does not have to mean putting creativity away. On Sunday, November 1, 2026, museum programs in New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles offer ways to keep looking, listening and making. Some are geared toward families, some welcome all ages, and each offers a different point of entry into art and cultural traditions.

These are upcoming programs drawn from the institutions’ own calendars, not reports from events that have already happened. The dates are close enough to start planning now, but admission conditions differ. A free activity can still sit inside a museum that charges admission, and a festival’s hours do not necessarily match the building’s full opening day.

New York: make something on the Bowery

The New Museum’s fall program announcement lists Family Day for November 1, from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., in its Sky Rooms North and South. The program offers free admission for families with children, gallery exploration using a Kids’ Guide and opportunities to make art together. Its stated audience is families with children ages 4–12.

The museum also lists another Family Day for December 6, making the November event one option in a continuing series. Storytime takes place on selected Sundays, but the announcement directs visitors to check the current schedule. It would be a mistake to assume that every activity mentioned across the fall calendar happens during this particular visit.

For a family outing, the useful feature is the combination of looking and doing. Rather than asking children to move quietly through an entire building, the program gives them a reason to make choices and create something themselves. Check the museum’s event calendar before leaving for any updated entry instructions.

Philadelphia: light, color and movement

At the Philadelphia Museum of Art’s Light the Way festival, November 1 programming runs from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Main Building. The museum describes it as a celebration of the Festival of Lights and Southeast Asian artworks, with participation included in Pay What You Wish admission.

The schedule provides several different ways to join in. Lantern-making and a sensory-friendly quiet zone run throughout the event. From 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., visitors can make light catchers and collaborate on rangoli patterns in the South Indian Temple Hall. Bollywood fusion dance performances by Philly Dance Fitness are scheduled for 2 p.m.

That timetable makes it possible to choose a shorter visit around a particular activity. It also gives a group options when people want different levels of stimulation: the quiet zone is a practical part of the program, rather than an afterthought. Confirm admission arrangements directly with the museum.

Los Angeles: remembrance through music and plants

The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County has a Día de los Muertos celebration scheduled for November 1 from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The museum’s calendar specifies that the program is free with paid museum admission and for members. It includes live music, hands-on activities and an interpretive ofrenda honoring departed loved ones.

The ongoing program includes a floral display made with Latinx with Plants, where visitors can add a message for someone they wish to honor. The museum frames the day around remembrance and community, reflecting a tradition observed in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America.

Approach that invitation with the meaning of the occasion in view. An ofrenda is not interchangeable with Halloween decoration. Reading the interpretation and following guidance from the organizers can make the visit more thoughtful, whether the tradition is part of your own family life or something you are learning about.

Los Angeles: design a different future at LACMA

LACMA’s Andell Family Sundays offers a November 1 drop-in workshop inspired by Home of the Future, 1925–1985: Designing Domestic Utopias. Artists Bianca Argueta and Karl Petion lead the all-ages activity outside the W.M. Keck Education Center, with the calendar listing W.M. Keck Plaza and a 12:30–3:30 p.m. window.

The workshop is listed as free. The same page separately describes family gallery tours that require museum admission, so visitors should distinguish the outdoor activity from a ticketed gallery visit. Related workshops return November 8 and 15, offering alternatives if this Sunday is already full.

LACMA’s page also flags a Metro D Line closure at Wilshire/Fairfax through November 1, with bus service available. Anyone relying on that station should use the linked transit information to check the day’s route before setting out.

Choose the program that fits your city and interests, then confirm its current listing. Together, these calendars offer a useful reminder that a museum visit can involve making, memory, sound and movement as well as looking at objects behind glass.

Illustrative stock gallery in São Paulo; not one of the museums or November 1 events described. Photo: Andre Moura / Pexels.

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Cannabis

Kansas Survey Finds Majority Support for Cannabis Reform, With Medical Access Ahead

The new Kansas Speaks survey finds 65% support for medical legalization and 58.3% for recreational use. Those are public attitudes, not a change in law.

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White ballot box marked Vote with an American flag design

A new Kansas Speaks survey finds majority support for legalizing both medical and recreational cannabis, with medical access attracting the larger share. The results offer a measure of public sentiment ahead of the next policy debate; they do not announce a legalization measure or establish when one might pass.

Fort Hays State University’s Docking Institute of Public Affairs released the survey on October 26. Its public-affairs panel included 603 Kansas residents aged 18 and older. Cannabis was one of several subjects, alongside taxation, economic conditions, health policy and other state issues.

Medical and recreational support are different findings

The full report records 65 percent support and 15.3 percent opposition to medical marijuana legalization in general. For recreational legalization, 58.3 percent supported and 21.3 percent opposed. Both support figures combine stronger and more moderate responses.

That distinction matters because medical access and an adult-use market are different policy questions. Support for one does not tell lawmakers how respondents would answer every detail of the other, including who could sell products, how purchases would be taxed or which products would qualify.

The report also found 59.3 percent highly or somewhat likely to vote for a Kansas legislative candidate who supports medical legalization. That is a stated inclination attached to one issue. It is not a forecast that any named candidate will win, and it does not show how respondents ultimately balance cannabis against other concerns.

Who was surveyed, and when?

Fieldwork ran from September 23 through October 16. The institute used a Qualtrics online panel with demographic quotas, then weighted responses by age, gender, education and party registration. The report retained people who were not registered voters.

Readers should therefore describe the findings as a survey of adults, rather than substitute “likely voters.” Those populations answer different questions: public attitudes include people who may not vote, while an election forecast tries to anticipate the electorate that actually turns out.

Weighting is a statistical adjustment to the influence of different responses. It does not mean the researchers interviewed additional people after collection ended. The original number of participants and the weighted analytical total should not be treated as competing headcounts.

The Roper Center’s guide to polling transparency explains why disclosures about recruitment, population, collection methods and timing help readers judge whether a poll fits a particular purpose. Publishing those details enables scrutiny; disclosure by itself does not guarantee accuracy.

A percentage is not the whole policy argument

For cannabis readers, the useful starting point is the exact question. “Medical marijuana legalization in general” leaves many implementation choices open. A proposal with a defined patient program, licensing structure and product restrictions would present respondents with more information than that broad phrase.

Likewise, opposition is not automatically the remainder after subtracting support from 100. Where a questionnaire permits a middle or uncertain response, treating everybody outside the supporting group as an opponent exaggerates the division. The published support and opposition figures should be reported separately.

AAPOR’s guidance on polling uncertainty also distinguishes conventional sampling margins from model-dependent credibility intervals used with some online polls. The terms cannot simply be exchanged. This article does not assign an unsupported margin of error to the Kansas results.

Those limits do not make the survey uninformative. They define its contribution: a documented set of responses about broad cannabis questions during a stated period, rather than a guarantee about a future vote or legislative outcome.

A comparison with another poll also needs matching definitions. A survey asking about medical access for specified conditions is not asking precisely the same thing as general legalization. Differences in wording, field dates and the population sampled can matter before any apparent movement is interpreted as a change of mind. The safest comparison begins with the questionnaires, rather than two percentages taken out of their reports.

Public support and lawmaking follow separate paths

The Kansas Legislature’s explanation of its process shows the institutional steps a bill normally faces. Committee consideration and chamber votes precede agreement on identical language in both houses, followed by the governor’s role. A proposal’s effective date is another separate matter.

That means a poll release is not a substitute for checking a bill’s text, amendments and official status. An introduced measure, a committee recommendation and a signed law describe different stages, even if advocates cite the same public-support figures at each one.

The strongest reading of this survey is also the most specific. Medical legalization leads recreational legalization in the reported responses, and both have majority support among surveyed Kansas adults. Whether that support becomes an enacted program depends on decisions this survey did not make: the legislation’s contents, the votes and the implementation timetable.

Illustrative stock voting display; not a Kansas polling place or a cannabis ballot measure. Photo: Sora Shimazaki / Pexels.

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Cannabis

Rooted and ReLeaf Set October 30 Grand Opening in Eldersburg

The already-operating Liberty Road dispensary plans a Friday celebration, with a 1 p.m. ribbon cutting and a standing military discount.

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Small-town main street with American flags and parked vehicles

Rooted, a collaboration with ReLeaf Shop, will hold its Eldersburg grand opening on Friday, October 30, giving Carroll County customers a date to meet the people behind a store that is already operating. The event is a formal celebration, rather than the first day the dispensary begins serving shoppers.

In an October 27 announcement, the business scheduled opening remarks for 12:50 p.m. and a ribbon cutting for 1 p.m. at 1337 Liberty Road. The partnership brings together Rooted founder Andrae McEnnis, a 20-year military veteran, and ReLeaf Shop CEO Connor Whelton.

The organizers list barbecue from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. and again from 4 to 7 p.m., a photo booth from 1 to 4 p.m., and a DJ from 4 to 7 p.m. Regular store hours are 9 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily. These are the business’s announced plans; visitors should confirm details before travelling.

A community event and a regulated store

A grand-opening program can make a dispensary feel like another neighborhood business. Purchasing cannabis still involves specific rules. The Maryland Cannabis Administration’s adult-use guidance says customers must be at least 21 and show valid government-issued photo identification at the point of sale.

The agency identifies licensed dispensaries as the legal place to buy cannabis in the state. It also separates adult-use purchasing from the medical program, which continues with accommodations intended to preserve patient access, including dedicated service lines or patient-only hours.

For visitors, the practical question is which service they need when they arrive. A ribbon cutting, an online order and a medical pickup are different reasons to visit, even when they share the same address. Checking the store’s current instructions avoids assuming the event program describes every part of the shopping process.

Maryland’s FAQ also prohibits smoking cannabis in public places and using it while driving. An event listing food and entertainment is not itself an invitation to consume on site. Planning transportation before using cannabis is part of making a visit workable, rather than something to decide after shopping.

The MCA also lists adult-use purchase limits by product form, including 1.5 ounces of flower, 12 grams of concentrates or 750 milligrams of THC in specified products. These are legal purchase amounts, not guidance about how much someone should consume.

Military discounts and medical status are separate

Rooted and ReLeaf say active-duty and retired military customers receive 25 percent off non-sale products every day. The announced offer is a standing store discount, not a one-day grand-opening promotion. Customers should check how the business verifies eligibility and which products qualify before assuming it applies to an entire order.

A veteran discount does not determine eligibility for Maryland’s medical cannabis program. The MCA’s patient guidance describes a separate registration process for Maryland residents whose providers recommend cannabis for qualifying conditions. It also allows registered patients to designate a registered caregiver under the program’s rules.

The same guidance says the cost of medical cannabis is not reimbursable by private or public insurance, Medicare, Medicaid or veterans’ covered plans. That makes the difference between a retail discount, a medical purchase and an insurance benefit especially relevant when comparing costs.

These distinctions do not diminish the value of a discount. They help a customer understand what the offer actually changes: the price of eligible merchandise, rather than their medical status, coverage or authorization to use cannabis in every setting.

The tax distinction matters at checkout

Maryland’s medical cannabis regulation exempts qualifying medical sales to patients and registered caregivers from sales and use tax. Adult-use purchases follow a different tax rule.

A 2026 Department of Legislative Services fiscal note explains that the state increased its adult-use cannabis tax from 9 percent to 12 percent beginning in fiscal 2026. An older price comparison using the original rate can therefore give the wrong impression of checkout cost.

For someone looking at a menu, the useful comparison is the final price after any applicable discount and tax, with the correct purchasing status. A percentage-off headline alone does not provide that amount, and the announcement does not give a universal final price for every product.

What to confirm before Friday

The address and ribbon-cutting time are the simplest starting points. Confirm the day’s program with the store, bring the identification required for the intended purchase and distinguish regular opening hours from the celebration’s individual activities. People using the medical program should also confirm current patient-service arrangements.

The opening adds a community occasion around an existing retail operation. Its immediate value is local: a chance to meet the operators and understand the store’s service. The wider consumer lesson is equally practical—event details, discounts and medical rules each deserve their own check before a cannabis shopping trip.

Illustrative stock main street; not the Rooted × ReLeaf store or its grand opening. Photo: Artūras Kokorevas / Pexels.

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