A burial mound in southern Siberia has yielded two clues to the history of cannabis: seeds placed in a grave and chemical traces preserved in human hair. In a study published November 5 in Science, archaeologist Gino Caspari and colleagues argue that the finds, taken together, point to psychoactive cannabis use about 2,800 years ago. The discovery pushes the evidence for that practice further back than a widely cited find in western China.
What turned up at Tunnug 1
The excavation site, Tunnug 1, lies in the Uyuk Valley in the Republic of Tyva. Its monumental burial mound is associated with early Scythian culture, and the excavations have recovered horse gear, weapons and animal imagery. The clues to cannabis use were considerably smaller. The team found more than a thousand cannabis seeds and used radiocarbon dating on some of them to establish their age. According to the University of Bern’s account of the research, preserved human hair from the same grave also contained traces of cannabinol, or CBN.
Seeds can tell archaeologists that a plant was present. They can also help show whether someone brought it into a particular setting. At Tunnug 1, where the researchers interpreted the seeds as deliberately deposited, the find makes cannabis part of the burial’s material record. It still leaves a basic question open. Cannabis can provide food, oil and fiber, so the presence of seeds alone offers several plausible explanations for why people valued the plant.
The hair gives researchers another line of evidence. CBN can form as THC degrades, and its presence is consistent with exposure to psychoactive cannabis. The overlap matters because each find answers a different question. The seeds place cannabis in the burial context. The hair preserves a chemical signal relevant to how people may have used it. Together, they give the team a stronger basis for its interpretation than either clue would provide on its own.
What the evidence can tell us about consumption
As the Associated Press reported, Caspari said the team could not determine whether the cannabis was inhaled or ingested. The distinction matters for anyone imagining what the practice looked like. The evidence supports a case for exposure, while the method, timing and experience remain open questions. It also leaves room for several explanations of why the seeds went into the grave. Their placement gives them a ceremonial context, but their precise role in that ceremony remains unclear.
There is a temptation to read a burial deposit as a snapshot of daily life. A monumental tomb, however, reflects choices about what to place with the dead and what to leave out. Even a plant that held real significance in that setting might have served different purposes elsewhere. To know how widely people used cannabis, archaeologists would need evidence from other settings, including places where ordinary activities took place.
How Siberia changes the timeline
One point of comparison comes from the Jirzankal Cemetery in the Pamir Mountains of western China. In a 2019 study in Science Advances, researchers reported cannabis residues in wooden braziers from burials dating to roughly 2,500 years ago. Those objects gave the team a reason to infer that cannabis had been heated. The Siberian discovery is about three centuries older, and its evidence comes from different materials. One site offers evidence in equipment used in a burial setting. The other combines a botanical find with a chemical trace in human remains.
Written accounts give historians a third kind of evidence. The Greek historian Herodotus described Scythians using cannabis in the fifth century BCE. His account has long been part of the discussion because it describes a practice in words. Tunnug 1 gives researchers something they can examine independently of the text. It also predates that account, extending the timeline without requiring researchers to assume that the people at the Siberian burial practiced the same ritual Herodotus described.
What survived at Tunnug 1 is unusual. The record of ancient cannabis use depends on the chance that someone left behind material that could survive burial, that archaeologists recovered it, and that modern analysis could identify it. Another site might yield seeds without hair, or a vessel without enough residue to test. Those gaps make it difficult to say how long the practice had already existed by the time this tomb was built.
For now, the finding gives cannabis history a firmer point on the map and a date supported by physical evidence. By about 2,800 years ago, people in this part of southern Siberia appear to have encountered cannabis as an intoxicant. The circumstances of that use, from preparation to purpose, are the next questions the find leaves open.
Illustrative photo of grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Photo: Charles MingZ / Unsplash.